Fibrosis quística: epidemiología, clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento / Cystic fibrosis: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment

La fibrosis quística es una enfermedad genética y multisistémica. La principal comorbilidad en la edad adulta es la afectación respiratoria, con la presencia de bronquiectasias, infección bronquial crónica y obstrucción al flujo aéreo. Hasta hace una década los tratamientos estaban dirigidos a favorecer el drenaje de secreciones, reducir las exacerbaciones respiratorias, controlar la infección bronquial crónica y enlentecer el deterioro funcional, pero con la llegada de los moduladores del gen cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) el paradigma de la fibrosis quística se ha modificado. Este novedoso tratamiento da un paso más frente al tratamiento de esta enfermedad, es capaz de mejorar la producción de proteína CFTR defectuosa y aumentar su expresión en la superficie celular, para así conseguir un mejor funcionamiento del intercambio iónico fluidificando las secreciones respiratorias y reduciendo la obstrucción al flujo aéreo. Además, en la actualidad hay diferentes líneas de investigación orientadas a corregir el defecto genético causante de la fibrosis quística (AU)

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic and multisystemic disease. The main comorbidity in adulthood is respiratory involvement, with the presence of bronchiectasis, chronic bronchial infection and airflow obstruction. Until a decade ago, treatments were aimed at favoring secretion drainage, reducing respiratory exacerbations, controlling chronic bronchial infection and slowing functional deterioration, but with the advent of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators, the cystic fibrosis paradigm has changed. This novel treatment goes a step further in the management of this disease, it is able to improve the production of defective CFTR protein and increase its expression on the cell surface, thus achieving a better functioning of ion exchange, fluidizing respiratory secretions and reducing airflow obstruction. In addition, there are currently different lines of research aimed at correcting the genetic defect that causes cystic fibrosis (AU)

Cystic fibrosis: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. / Fibrosis quística: epidemiología, clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic and multisystemic disease. The main comorbidity in adulthood is respiratory involvement, with the presence of bronchiectasis, chronic bronchial infection and airflow obstruction. Until a decade ago, treatments were aimed at favoring secretion drainage, reducing respiratory exacerbations, controlling chronic bronchial infection and slowing functional deterioration, but with the advent of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators, the cystic fibrosis paradigm has changed. This novel treatment goes a step further in the management of this disease, it is able to improve the production of defective CFTR protein and increase its expression on the cell surface, thus achieving a better functioning of ion exchange, fluidizing respiratory secretions and reducing airflow obstruction. In addition, there are currently different lines of research aimed at correcting the genetic defect that causes cystic fibrosis.

Fisioterapia respiratoria en sujetos adultos cursando internación por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Revisión bibliográfica / Respiratory physiotherapy in adult subjects hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. Literature review

Introducción: La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) es una infección respiratoria en la cual es frecuente observar la indicación de fisioterapia respiratoria (FR). Sin embargo, en la actualidad las recomendaciones respecto a su uso en NAC son controvertidas, no existiendo evidencia que respalde su uso y permita conocer su real alcance. Objetivos: Revisar la evidencia respecto al impacto de la FR en pacientes adultos que cursan internación por NAC. Resultados: 5 estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión de esta revisión. Las maniobras de FR incluyeron ejercicios respiratorios, drenaje postural, percusión, vibración, espirometría incentivada, resistencia espiratoria, asistencia torácica durante movimientos respiratorios, tos dirigida y presión positiva intermitente. En los estudios incluidos la FR no disminuyó la mortalidad ni mejoró los valores espirométricos en los pacientes con NAC, así como tampoco los días hasta la curación ni la estadía hospitalaria. Respecto a los costos, el uso de FR en pacientes con NAC presentó un incremento significativo de los mismos. Conclusión: No hay evidencia que respalde el uso de manera rutinaria de FR en los pacientes adultos con NAC. Consideramos que se requieren de futuras investigaciones que permitan conocer el impacto de la FR en pacientes adultos con NAC, así como establecer consensos respecto a su indicación, selección de maniobras, estandarización de técnicas, tiempos y dosificación.

Introduction: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a respiratory infection in which the indication for respiratory physiotherapy (RF) is frequently observed. However, currently the recommendations regarding its use in CAP are controversial, and there is no evidence to support its use and allow us to know its real scope. Objectives: To review the evidence regarding the impact of RF in adult patients who are hospitalized for CAP. Results: 5 studies met the inclusion criteria of this review. RF maneuvers included breathing exercises, postural drainage, percussion, vibration, incentive spirometry, expiratory resistance, chest support during respiratory movements, directed cough, and intermittent positive pressure. In the included studies, RF did not reduce mortality or improve spirometric values in patients with CAP, nor did it improve days to cure or hospital stay. Regarding costs, the use of RF in patients with CAP presented a significant increase in costs. Conclusion: There is no evidence to support the routine use of RF in adult patients with CAP. We believe that future research is required to determine the impact of RF in adult patients with CAP, as well as to establish consensus regarding its indication, selection of maneuvers, standardization of techniques, times, and dosage.

Fisioterapia respiratoria en sujetos adultos cursando internación por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Revisión bibliográfica

Introducción: La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) es una infección respiratoria en la cual es frecuente observar la indicación de fisioterapia respiratoria (FR). Sin embargo, en la actualidad las recomendaciones respecto a su uso en NAC son controvertidas, no existiendo evidencia que respalde su uso y permita conocer su real alcance. Objetivos: Revisar la evidencia respecto al impacto de la FR en pacientes adultos que cursan internación por NAC. Resultados: 5 estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión de esta revisión. Las maniobras de FR incluyeron ejercicios respiratorios, drenaje postural, percusión, vibración, espirometría incentivada, resistencia espiratoria, asistencia torácica durante movimientos respiratorios, tos dirigida y presión positiva intermitente. En los estudios incluidos la FR no disminuyó la mortalidad ni mejoró los valores espirométricos en los pacientes con NAC, así como tampoco los días hasta la curación ni la estadía hospitalaria. Respecto a los costos, el uso de FR en pacientes con NAC presentó un incremento significativo de los mismos. Conclusión: No hay evidencia que respalde el uso de manera rutinaria de FR en los pacientes adultos con NAC. Consideramos que se requieren de futuras investigaciones que permitan conocer el impacto de la FR en pacientes adultos con NAC, así como establecer consensos respecto a su indicación, selección de maniobras, estandarización de técnicas, tiempos y dosificación.

Introduction: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a respiratory infection in which the indication for respiratory physiotherapy (RF) is frequently observed. However, currently the recommendations regarding its use in CAP are controversial, and there is no evidence to support its use and allow us to know its real scope. Objectives: To review the evidence regarding the impact of RF in adult patients who are hospitalized for CAP. Results: 5 studies met the inclusion criteria of this review. RF maneuvers included breathing exercises, postural drainage, percussion, vibration, incentive spirometry, expiratory resistance, chest support during respiratory movements, directed cough, and intermittent positive pressure. In the included studies, RF did not reduce mortality or improve spirometric values in patients with CAP, nor did it improve days to cure or hospital stay. Regarding costs, the use of RF in patients with CAP presented a significant increase in costs. Conclusion: There is no evidence to support the routine use of RF in adult patients with CAP. We believe that future research is required to determine the impact of RF in adult patients with CAP, as well as to establish consensus regarding its indication, selection of maneuvers, standardization of techniques, times, and dosage.

Use of Intrapulmonary Percussive Ventilation as Mechanical Bronchial Hygiene Therapy in Critical Pediatric Patients / Utilización de ventilación percusiva intrapulmonar como terapia de higiene bronquial mecánica en pacientes pediátricos críticos

ABSTRACT Intrapulmonary percussive ventilation (IPV) is a high-frequency mechanical bronchial hygiene technique (MBHT) that favors secretion clearance and is considered an alternative to the resolution of atelectasis. This is a prospective, observational and descriptive case series study conducted between August 1st, 2019 and December 31st, 2019. The study included patients younger than 18 years on ventilatory support who received at least one session of IPV in the intensive care unit. The primary objective of our study was to describe the characteristics of the population in whom we used a home IPV device as MBHT in the PICU. On a secondary level, we will describe the methodology for using this device and its results. Results: 18 patients were included; 48 IPV sessions were done. The main reason for doing IPV was the atelectasis diagnosis (83.3%). The treatment was carried out both in patients on IMV (invasive mechanical ventilation) (55.6%) and in patients with non-invasive support (44.4%), whether it was NIMV (non-invasive mechanical ventilation) or HFNC (high-flow nasal cannula). 53.3% of the patients showed radiographic resolution of atelectasis, where 75% only required between one and two sessions to resolve it. No severe complications were observed. Conclusion: This study allows us to describe the population receiving IPV and presents a tool that could be useful for the resolution of atelectasis.

RESUMEN La ventilación percusiva intrapulmonar (VPI) es una técnica de higiene bronquial mecánica (THBM) de alta frecuencia, que favorece la movilización de secreciones y es considerada como alternativa para la resolución de atelectasias. Estudio de serie de casos, prospectivo, observacional y descriptivo que se llevó a cabo entre el 1 de agosto del 2019 y el 31 de diciembre del 2019. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes menores de 18 años, con soporte ventilatorio que recibieron al menos una sesión de VPI dentro de terapia intensiva. El objetivo primario de nuestro estudio es describir las características de la población en la que se utilizó un equipo domiciliario de VPI como THBM en la UCIP. De manera secundaria describiremos la metodología de implementación del dispositivo y sus resultados. Resultados: Se incluyeron 18 pacientes y se realizaron 48 sesiones de VPI. El principal motivo para la realización de VPI fue el diagnóstico de atelectasia (83,3%). El tratamiento se realizó tanto en pacientes con VMI (ventilación mecánica invasiva) (55,6%) como en pacientes con soporte no invasivo (44,4%), ya sea VMNI (ventilación mecánica no invasiva) o CNAF (cánula nasal de alto flujo). En el 53,3% de los pacientes, se evidenció resolución radiográfica de la atelectasia, entre los cuales, el 75% solo requirió entre una y dos sesiones para resolverlas. No se observaron complicaciones graves. Conclusión: Este estudio permite describir la población en la cual se implementa VPI a la vez que presenta una herramienta que podría ser de utilidad para la resolución de atelectasias.

Recomendaciones para la rehabilitación respiratoria extrahospitalaria en pacientes con COVID persistente / Recommendations for outpatient respiratory rehabilitation of long COVID patients

La aparición de la COVID-19 ha supuesto un problema de salud pública mundial, provocando una elevada presión en los sistemas sanitarios. Las secuelas de esta enfermedad han puesto de manifiesto la importancia de la rehabilitación en pacientes COVID persistente, implicando en el proceso a diferentes profesionales. El tratamiento de las secuelas respiratorias en fase ambulatoria de esta reciente enfermedad es un campo especializado y parece oportuno ofrecer una serie de recomendaciones prácticas de rehabilitación cardio-respiratoria que ayuden a todos los profesionales implicados en la tarea de tratar este tipo de secuelas una vez superada la fase hospitalaria. Esta revisión de la literatura ofrece diez aspectos clave de fisioterapia respiratoria que incluyen la valoración, los parámetros que se deben monitorizar y los signos de alerta, así como las técnicas respiratorias específicas y otros ejercicios prácticos que se deben realizar en esta población.(AU)

The appearance of COVID-19 has been a problem for public health on a global scale, putting pressure on health care systems. The after-effects of this illness have highlighted the importance of rehabilitation in long COVID patients involving different health professionals. The treatment of the respiratory after-effects of this disease in an outpatient setting is a specialized field. It is appropriate to offer a series of practical recommendations of cardio-respiratory rehabilitation that are helpful to the professionals involved in the after-effects when ending hospitalisation. This review of the literature includes ten key aspects of respiratory physiotherapy that range from assessment, parameters to monitor, signs of alarm and respiratory rehabilitation techniques and other exercises for this population.(AU)

Fisioterapia respiratoria en pacientes post Covid-19

RESUMEN La pandemia de Covid-19 ha modificado pautas en la práctica clínica de especialidades como la Medicina Física y Rehabilitación. Se realizó esta comunicación con el objetivo de abordar las principales técnicas de fisioterapia respiratoria en convalecientes de Covid-19 y la evidencia generada de sus resultados.

ABSTRACT The Covid-19 pandemic has modified guidelines in the clinical practice of specialties such as Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. This communication was carried out with the aim of addressing the main respiratory physiotherapy techniques in convalescents from Covid-19 and the evidence generated from their results.

RESUMO A pandemia de Covid-19 modificou as diretrizes na prática clínica de especialidades como Medicina Física e Reabilitação. Esta comunicação foi realizada como objetivo de abordar as principais técnicas de fisioterapia respiratória em convalescentes da Covid-19 e as evidências geradas a partir dos seus resultados.

Manejo de secreciones no invasivo en un paciente con Esclerosis Lateral Amiotrófica no colaborador, ¿dónde está el límite? A propósito de un caso / Non invasive mucus drainage in a non-collaborate Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patient. Where the limit is? A case report

Las complicaciones respiratorias son una de las causas de hospitalización más frecuente, e incluso de muerte, en pacientes con enfermedad neuromuscular. El seguimiento multidisciplinar tiene efectos positivos sobre la supervivencia y la calidad de vida en estos pacientes. Este caso supuso un reto terapéutico para el manejo de secreciones bronquiales, por ser un paciente con Esclerosis Lateral Amiotrófica no colaborador y que rechazaba las medidas invasivas. Tras un primer intento fallido de adaptación al sistema mecánico de tos convencional, se modificó la interfase usando una boquilla de tipo buzo invertida, introducida entre los dientes durante la aplicación del equipo con mascarilla nasobucal. Se consiguieron muestras de esputo, lo que nos permitió tratar las infecciones respiratorias con el antibiótico específico. Además, el seguimiento se realizó por videollamada, sin necesidad de desplazar al paciente hasta el hospital. El equipo multidisciplinar se adaptó a las necesidades del paciente tratando de forma novedosa y eficaz las infecciones respiratorias. Además, el uso de nuevas tecnologías evitó ingresos hospitalarios, a pesar de ser un paciente gran dependiente.(AU)

Respiratory complications are one of the most frequent causes of hospitalization and even death in patients with neuromuscular diseases. Multidisciplinary follow-up has been shown to have positive effects on survival and quality of life in these patients. The present case represented a therapeutic challenge in order to manage respiratory secretions in a non-collaborate Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patient due to the negative to accept invasive strategies to cope with respiratory infections. Despite a first failed approach in the adaptation to a mechanical assisted cough device, then a modification in the interfase allowed to mobilize secretions and it was also possible to analyze them and use the correct antibiotic treatment. Moreover, a remotely follow-up was done to handle situations, like respiratory tract infections, whenever possible, without requesting the patient to move to the hospital. The multidisciplinary unit team adapted to his needs offering a newest and efficacy strategy to cope with respiratory infections. Indeed, the use of new technologies avoided in a high dependent patient to require hospitalizations.(AU)

[Respiratory aspects and pulmonary physiotherapy in the child with mucopolysaccharidosis]. / Aspectos respiratorios y de fisioterapia pulmonar en el niño con mucopolisacaridosis.

La mucopolisacaridosis es un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades que se caracterizan por la acumulación lisosomal de sustancias intermedias del metabolismo de los mucopolisacáridos o glucosaminoglucanos. El trastorno respiratorio que caracteriza a los pacientes con mucopolisacaridosis es la enfermedad pulmonar restrictiva crónica, por lo que la rehabilitación pulmonar, cuyo objetivo es mejorar los síntomas respiratorios, y la fisioterapia respiratoria, mejorarán la ventilación pulmonar y la biomecánica respiratoria deteriorada. Es necesario el seguimiento por el neumólogo infantil, quien cuantificará la función pulmonar y vigilará los síntomas de obstrucción nocturna y de restricción pulmonar con ayuda de estudios como la espirometría, la pletismografía y la prueba de la caminata de 6 minutos, por mencionar algunas. También es muy importante realizar un programa individualizado de técnicas de fisioterapia respiratoria y de ejercicios. Todo lo anterior, con el objetivo de evaluar la función pulmonar como un marcador de respuesta al uso de cualquiera de las terapias indicadas en la mucopolisacaridosis.Mucopolysaccharidosis is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by the lysosomal accumulation of intermediates in the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides or glycosaminoglycans. The respiratory disorder that characterizes patients with mucopolysaccharidosis is the chronic restrictive lung disease. Therefore, pulmonary rehabilitation aimed at improving respiratory symptoms and respiratory physiotherapy will improve pulmonary ventilation and impaired respiratory biomechanics in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis. Follow-up by the pediatric pulmonologist is necessary to quantify lung function and monitor the symptoms of nocturnal obstruction and pulmonary restriction with the help of studies such as spirometry, plethysmography and the 6-minute walk test, among others. It is also very important to perform an individualized program of respiratory physiotherapy techniques and exercises. Overall, all of these steps are followed for evaluating lung function as a marker of response to the use of any of the therapies indicated in mucopolysaccharidosis.

Aspectos respiratorios y de fisioterapia pulmonar en el niño con mucopolisacaridosis / Respiratory aspects and pulmonary physiotherapy in the child with mucopolysaccharidosis

Resumen La mucopolisacaridosis es un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades que se caracterizan por la acumulación lisosomal de sustancias intermedias del metabolismo de los mucopolisacáridos o glucosaminoglucanos. El trastorno respiratorio que caracteriza a los pacientes con mucopolisacaridosis es la enfermedad pulmonar restrictiva crónica, por lo que la rehabilitación pulmonar, cuyo objetivo es mejorar los síntomas respiratorios, y la fisioterapia respiratoria, mejorarán la ventilación pulmonar y la biomecánica respiratoria deteriorada. Es necesario el seguimiento por el neumólogo infantil, quien cuantificará la función pulmonar y vigilará los síntomas de obstrucción nocturna y de restricción pulmonar con ayuda de estudios como la espirometría, la pletismografía y la prueba de la caminata de 6 minutos, por mencionar algunas. También es muy importante realizar un programa individualizado de técnicas de fisioterapia respiratoria y de ejercicios. Todo lo anterior, con el objetivo de evaluar la función pulmonar como un marcador de respuesta al uso de cualquiera de las terapias indicadas en la mucopolisacaridosis.

Abstract Mucopolysaccharidosis is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by the lysosomal accumulation of intermediates in the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides or glycosaminoglycans. The respiratory disorder that characterizes patients with mucopolysaccharidosis is the chronic restrictive lung disease. Therefore, pulmonary rehabilitation aimed at improving respiratory symptoms and respiratory physiotherapy will improve pulmonary ventilation and impaired respiratory biomechanics in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis. Follow-up by the pediatric pulmonologist is necessary to quantify lung function and monitor the symptoms of nocturnal obstruction and pulmonary restriction with the help of studies such as spirometry, plethysmography and the 6-minute walk test, among others. It is also very important to perform an individualized program of respiratory physiotherapy techniques and exercises. Overall, all of these steps are followed for evaluating lung function as a marker of response to the use of any of the therapies indicated in mucopolysaccharidosis.

Efectos en población sana de la terapia con oscilación de alta frecuencia sobre la pared torácica (HFCWO) a nivel de la dinámica de gases pulmonares y de la mecánica respiratoria / Effects of high frequency chest wall oscillatory (HFCWO) therapy on gas exchange and ventilation in healthy participants

Introducción La fisioterapia respiratoria es parte imprescindible del tratamiento de las patologías hipersecretoras o con compromiso de la capacidad tusígena. Hasta el momento se desconoce el efecto del dispositivo de terapia de oscilación de alta frecuencia en la pared torácica (HFCWO) sobre la fuerza de los músculos respiratorios y los efectos sobre la mecánica respiratoria y la dinámica de los gases respiratorios. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue describir estos tres aspectos en sujetos sanos. Métodos Se midió la fuerza de los músculos respiratorios en 25 sujetos antes e inmediatamente después de terapia con HFCWO. Durante la sesión, se midieron continuamente los parámetros de ventilación, la dinámica de los gases respiratorios y la frecuencia cardiaca. Se llevaron a cabo dos sesiones idénticas por sujeto, separadas 24h. Se registraron los síntomas durante la sesión y las molestias experimentadas mediante escala analógica visual (EVA). Resultados La terapia con HFCWO produce un incremento de la ventilación asociado con una alteración de la dinámica de los gases respiratorios. También se aumenta la frecuencia cardiaca, sin modificación de la oxigenación tisular. No se observaron efectos sobre la fuerza de los músculos respiratorios. Hasta un 20% de los participantes indicó molestias importantes (EVA≥5/10) durante la sesión. Conclusiones Durante la aplicación de HFCWO en sujetos sanos se produce incremento en la ventilación y ritmo cardiaco. Sin embargo, aparecen efectos indeseables sobre la dinámica de los gases respiratorios y un grado elevado de intolerancia por parte de los voluntarios y no hay efectos sobre la fuerza de los músculos respiratorios (AU)

Introduction Chest physiotherapy is an essential part of the treatment of respiratory diseases with increased respiratory secretion and ineffective cough. To date, there have been no studies on the effect of high frequency chest wall oscillatory (HFCWO) therapy on respiratory muscle strength, ventilation and gas exchange. The aim of this study was therefore to assess these three factors in healthy participants. Methods Respiratory muscle strength was measured before and immediately after HFCWO therapy in 25 healthy participants. During the treatment, we continuously measured ventilation parameters, gas exchange, oxygen saturation and heart rate. All participants underwent HFCWO sessions twice (with 24hours difference) with the same procedure. Symptoms during the session and discomfort were measured with the visual analog scale (VAS). Results HFCWO therapy produced a change in breathing pattern with increased ventilation associated with altered gas exchange. Heart rate also increased, with no changes in oxygenation. There was no effect, either beneficial or deleterious, on the strength of respiratory muscles. Up to 20% of participants reported substantial discomfort (VAS≥5/10) during the session. Conclusions This study shows that, during the application of HFCWO therapy in healthy participants, ventilation and heart rate increased. However, there were undesirable effects on gas exchange with a high degree of intolerance among volunteers, with no effects on respiratory muscle strength (AU)

[Effects of high frequency chest wall oscillatory (HFCWO) therapy on gas exchange and ventilation in healthy participants]. / Efectos en población sana de la terapia con oscilación de alta frecuencia sobre la pared torácica (HFCWO) a nivel de la dinámica de gases pulmonares y de la mecánica respiratoria.

INTRODUCTION: Chest physiotherapy is an essential part of the treatment of respiratory diseases with increased respiratory secretion and ineffective cough. To date, there have been no studies on the effect of high frequency chest wall oscillatory (HFCWO) therapy on respiratory muscle strength, ventilation and gas exchange. The aim of this study was therefore to assess these three factors in healthy participants. METHODS: Respiratory muscle strength was measured before and immediately after HFCWO therapy in 25 healthy participants. During the treatment, we continuously measured ventilation parameters, gas exchange, oxygen saturation and heart rate. All participants underwent HFCWO sessions twice (with 24hours difference) with the same procedure. Symptoms during the session and discomfort were measured with the visual analog scale (VAS). RESULTS: HFCWO therapy produced a change in breathing pattern with increased ventilation associated with altered gas exchange. Heart rate also increased, with no changes in oxygenation. There was no effect, either beneficial or deleterious, on the strength of respiratory muscles. Up to 20% of participants reported substantial discomfort (VAS≥5/10) during the session. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that, during the application of HFCWO therapy in healthy participants, ventilation and heart rate increased. However, there were undesirable effects on gas exchange with a high degree of intolerance among volunteers, with no effects on respiratory muscle strength.

Uso de cánula nasal de alto flujo en usuarios con patologías respiratorias agudas en hospitalización domiciliaria / Use of High-Flow Nasal Cannula in Users with acute Respiratory Diseases Receiving Hospital at Home

Introducción: La Hospitalización Domiciliaria (HD) se posiciona como un servicio trascendental, demostrando una gran efectividad en el tratamiento de patologías respiratorias. Objetivos: Evaluar los efectos de las cánulas nasales de alto flujo (CNAF), describir la experiencia de pacientes tratados con esta terapia en HD y plantear un protocolo que estandarice la utilización de este equipo en contexto de patología respiratoria aguda en domicilio. Material y Métodos: Esto se llevó a cabo por medio de un estudio cuasiexperimental, con pacientes ingresados a HD entre los meses de mayo a septiembre del año 2019, para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa Minitab 17.0. Resultados: Cumplieron los criterios de inclusión 11 usuarios, el promedio de la edad fue 73 ± 7.8 años.El 100% (N = 11) fueron derivados con requerimientos de oxígeno, desde el servicio de urgencias. El 73,2% (N = 8) ingresaron con patologías clasificadascomo J15 y J44; el 18,1% (N = 2) ingreso con diagnóstico clasificado en J84 y J46 el 9% (N = 1) según CIE-10. El promedio de días de conexión fue de 7.5 ± 5.1 días. Se utilizó un flujo promedio de 35 ± 5.2 l/min, FiO2 de 33 ± 6,1% y una temperatura en Grados Celsius (°C) de 32.3 ± 5.1. Los signos clínicos que tuvieron cambios estadísticamente significativos (Kruskal Wallis, p < 0.05) BORG, el UMA, FR y el Índice de SAFI. Mientras que la SpO2 y la FC no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Conclusión: Si bien el número de pacientes tratados fue bajo, hay efectos potencialmente significativos en parámetros de relevancia para este tipo de patologías, lo cual puede servir de base para futuros estudios

Fisioterapia Respiratória em Pacientes com Fibrose Cística / Respiratory Physiotherapy in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis / Fisioterapia Respiratoria en Pacientes con Fibrosis Quística

O objetivo deste estudo foi proporcionar uma visão sobre a FC e as possíveis formas de tratamento fisioterapêutico. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura narrativa. Foram usadas as bases de dados eletrônicas: LILACS, SCIELO, PUBMED e MEDLINE a partir do ano de 2008. Na coleta de dados foram usados os seguintes descritores: mucoviscidose, fibrose cística, métodos de avaliação e fisioterapia respiratória. Foram selecionados artigos relacionados a avaliações e tratamento da FC, publicados em português e inglês. Resultados: A fisioterapia respiratória é recomendada para os pacientes com FC por possuir técnicas efetivas para aumento da expectoração de secreção, no entanto ainda se faz necessária a comprovação científica, em longo prazo, dos efeitos de cada técnica. Conclusão: Os tratamentos mais usados e atuais de acordo com os artigos encontrados foram drenagem postural, vibrocompressão, drenagem autogênica, aceleração do fluxo expiratório, expiração lenta total com a glote aberta em decúbito infralateral, máscara de pressão positiva expiratória e exercícios aeróbicos. Sendo elas importantes para amenizar os sinais respiratórios que a mucoviscidose apresenta evitando possíveis complicações pulmonares.

The objective of this study was to provide an insight into CF and the possible forms of physiotherapeutic treatment. Method: It is a narrative review of literature. The electronic databases were used: LILACS, SCIELO, PUBMED and MEDLINE from 2008. In data collection, the following descriptors were used: mucoviscidosis, cystic fibrosis, assessment methods and respiratory physiotherapy. Articles related to CF assessments and treatment, published in Portuguese and English, were selected. Results: Respiratory physiotherapy is recommended for patients with FC for having effective techniques for increasing sputum secretion, however it is still necessary to prove long-term scientific analysis of the effects of each technique. Conclusion: The most used and current treatments according to the articles found were postural drainage, vibrocompression, autogenic drainage, acceleration of expiratory flow, total slow expiration with the open glottis in the infralateral decubitus, positive expiratory pressure mask and aerobic exercises. They are important to mitigate the respiratory signs that mucoviscidosis presents, avoiding possible pulmonary complications..

El objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar una idea de la FQ y las posibles formas de tratamiento fisioterapéutico. Método: Esta es una revisión de la literatura narrativa. Se utilizaron las bases de datos electrónicas: LILACS, SCIELO, PUBMED y MEDLINE de 2008. En la recopilación de datos, se utilizaron los siguientes descriptores: mucoviscidosis, fibrosis quística, métodos de evaluación y fisioterapia respiratoria. Se seleccionaron los artículos relacionados con las evaluaciones y el tratamiento de la FQ, publicados en portugués e inglés. Resultados: Se recomienda fisioterapia respiratoria para pacientes con FC por tener técnicas efectivas para aumentar el esputo secreción, sin embargo, todavía es necesario demostrar Análisis científico a largo plazo de los efectos de cada técnica. Conclusión: Los tratamientos más utilizados y actuales según los artículos encontrados fueron drenaje postural, vibrocompresión, drenaje autógeno, aceleración del flujo espiratorio, espiración lenta total con glotis abierta en posición de decúbito infralateral, máscara de presión espiratoria positiva y ejercicios aeróbicos. Son importantes para mitigar los signos respiratorios que presenta la mucoviscidosis, evitando posibles complicaciones pulmonares

Ventilação mecânica em pacientes com esclerose lateral amiotrófica: revisão de literatura e reflexão / Mechanical ventilation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: literature review and reflection / Ventilación mecánica en pacientes con esclerosis lateral amiotrófica: revisión de la literatura y reflexión

Objetivo: avaliar a importância da fisioterapia respiratória por meio da ventilação mecânica (invasiva ou não invasiva) dada a aplicabilidade e importância dessa prática no trato com a esclerose lateral amiotrófica. Método: foi elaborada uma revisão da literatura através de pesquisa bibliográfica em diversas bases de dados que versam sobre o tema. Resultados: Na fisioterapia respiratória não-invasiva, se usam ventiladores e máscara sem necessidade de intervenção cirúrgica, já a ventilação mecânica invasiva consiste principalmente na realização da traqueostomia. Conclusão: não há uma regra efetiva sobre qual o tipo de ventilação mecânica é mais adequada na lida de pacientes com esclerose lateral amiotrófica. No entanto, pôde se observar que se aplica a ventilação mecânica não invasiva geralmente no estágio inicial da doença e a partir do momento em que o paciente perde a autonomia respiratória passa-se a utilizar a ventilação mecânica invasiva. É consenso também que cabe ao paciente e à família, devidamente esclarecidos, optar ou não pela ventilação mecânica, e por uma ou outra modalidade

Objective: to evaluate the importance of respiratory physiotherapy through mechanical ventilation (invasive or non-invasive), given the applicability and importance of this practice without treatment with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Method: a literature review was carried out through bibliographic research in several databases dealing with the topic. Results: In non-invasive respiratory physiotherapy, ventilators and a mask are used without the need for surgical intervention, whereas invasive mechanical ventilation consists mainly of performing a tracheostomy. Conclusion: there is no effective rule on which type of mechanical ventilation is most appropriate in dealing with patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, it was observed that non-invasive mechanical ventilation is generally applied in the initial stage of the disease and from the moment the patient loses respiratory autonomy, invasive mechanical ventilation is used. There is also a consensus that it is up to the patient and family, duly clarified, to choose mechanical ventilation or not, and one or the other modality

Objetivo: evaluar la importancia de la fisioterapia respiratoria a través de la ventilación mecánica (invasiva o no invasiva) dada la aplicabilidad y la importancia de esta práctica en el tratamiento de la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica. Método: Tres muestras de yugo de caña de azúcar de establecimientos distribuidos en diferentes regiones del Distrito Federal. Todos los experimentos se llevaron a cabo utilizando el método de sedimentación y se analizaron por triplicado. El análisis de los resultados se realizó con la ayuda de microscopía óptica, para investigar la presencia de humanos, quistes, ooquistes y otras formas evolutivas parasitarias. Resultados: En todos los casos, existe la presencia de algún tipo de contaminación, con levaduras registradas en el 100% de los casos, en 50% Entamoeba sp., 10% Taenia sp., 10% Giardia sp. y en 10% Ascaris sp. Conclusión: es posible observar una ineficiencia en las prácticas higiénico-sanitarias de los establecimientos responsables del procesamiento y del molino de vegetales, lo que permite la contaminación en la mayoría de las mujeres. Esta contaminación puede causar diferentes tipos de enfermedades en humanos, particularmente ofreciendo más riesgo a las personas inmunocomprometidas, lo que requiere un monitoreo más efectivo de este tipo de alimentos, así como su distribución.

Immediate effects of a rhino-pharyngeal clearance protocol in nasal obstruction and middle ear condition of children under 3 years of age with upper respiratory infections: A randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Children up to 2 years old are at high risk of respiratory infections and nasal irrigation is often prescribed. Yet, to date there is no sufficient knowledge about its immediate effects on the nasopharynx and middle ear. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effect of a rhino-pharyngeal clearance intervention protocol on nasal obstruction and middle ear condition in children under 3 years of age with URTI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Randomized controlled trial in a day-care centre of Porto, including 44 children randomized to Intervention Group (IG) and Control Group (CG). Nasal auscultation and tympanometry were performed at baseline (M0) as well as after the intervention (M1), which consisted of nasal irrigation (NaCl .9%) followed by a forced nasal inspiration in the IG, and after 30min of normal activities, in the CG. RESULTS: In M1 there was a lower frequency of children classified as having an obstructed nasal sound in the IG when compared to the CG (IG=33.3%; CG=68.4%; p=0.042). We also observed an improvement of mean peak pressure (PP) in the IG (Left ear: M0=-124daPa; M1=-92daPa; p=0.022. Right ear: M0=-102daPa; M1=-77daPa; p=0.021), which was not observed in the CG (Left ear: M0=-105daPa; M1=-115daPa; p=0.485. Right ear: M0=-105daPa; M1=-131daPa; p=0.105). There were no significant results concerning the compliance of the tympanic membrane. CONCLUSIONS: The rhino-pharyngeal clearance improved the nasal obstruction and PP of the middle ear of children under 3 years of age with URTI.

Prevalencia y actitudes hacia el uso del tabaco en estudiantes de terapia respiratoria

Introducción: Esta investigación realiza una valoración de la prevalencia del uso de tabaco y actitudes relacionadas en estudiantes de terapia respiratoria. Métodos. Un diseño observacional descriptivo transversal fue utilizado con 127 estudiantes. La encuesta mundial de tabaquismo en estudiantes de profesiones de la salud (GHPSS) fue empleada en este estudio. Resultados. 20,47% de la muestra informó uso del cigarrillo en el último mes y 53,54% manifestó haberlo hecho en el último año. Las mujeres presentaron mayor consumo que los hombres (p=0,027). 60% de la muestra presenta exposición al humo de cigarrillo de segunda mano y 44% informó haber probado el cigarrillo antes de los 19 años. Conclusion. La prevalencia de tabaco en el último mes fue superior a la observada en Colombia. Se hace necesario reforzar las medidas de ambientes libres de tabaco en universidades e intervenir en estudiantes de terapia respiratoria con técnicas para la cesación del uso de tabaco, así como promover hábitos saludables.

Introduction. This research assesses the prevalence of the use of tobacco and related attitudes in respiratory therapy students. Methods. A transversal descriptive and observational study was carried out with 127 subjects. The global survey of smoking among students of health programs (GHPSS) was applied in this study. Results. 20.47% of the sample reported cigarette consumption in the last month and 53.54% reported have done it in the last year. Women showed higher consumption than men (p = 0.027). 60% of the sample subjects said they were passively exposed to cigarette smoke. and 44% reported having tried cigarettes before they were 19 years. Conclusion. The prevalence of tobacco in the last month was higher than that the observed in Colombia. It is necessary to reinforce measures of smoke-free environments in universities and make an intervention with respiratory therapy students with techniques to cease the tobacco consumption, as well as promoting healthy habits.

Introdução. Esta investigação faz uma avaliação da prevalência do uso do tabaco e as atitudes relacionadas em estudantes de terapia respiratória. Métodos. Utilizouse um desenho observacional descritivo transversal com 127 alunos. A pesquisa global sobre tabagismo entre estudantes universitários da área da saúde (Global Health Professional Students Survey, GHPSS) foi utilizada neste estudo. Resultados. 20,47% da amostra relataram uso de cigarro no último mês e 53,54% manifestaram fazer isso no ano passado. As mulheres apresentaram maior consumo do que os homens (p = 0,027). 60% da amostra apresenta exposição à fumaça de cigarro de segunda mão e 44% relataram ter experimentado com o cigarro antes dos 19 anos. Conclusão. A prevalência do tabaco no último mês foi superior à observada na Colômbia. É necessário reforçar as medidas de ambientes livres de tabaco em universidades e intervir em estudantes de terapia respiratória com técnicas para cessação do uso do tabaco, bem como promover hábitos saudáveis.

Intervenções fisioterapêuticas na função pulmonar em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia bariátrica / Physiotherapeutic interventions in pulmonary function of patients submitted to bariatric surgery

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi buscar na literatura evidências sobre intervenções utilizadas pela fisioterapia em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos: As buscas foram realizadas nos meses de janeiro e fevereiro de 2018, através do acesso online em bases de dados: Pubmed/Medline, PEDro, Scielo e Lilacs. Utilizou estratégia PICo, onde foram definidos: População (P): Obesidade Mórbida; Interesse (I): Prática baseada em evidências; Contexto (Co): estudos de intervenções. Resultados: Através das estratégias de busca foram encontrados 951 artigos. Após leitura dos resumos, observados critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram excluí­dos um total de 901, restando 50 artigos que foram lidos na í­ntegra e, em seguida, elegeram-se 10 estudos. As evidências das intervenções do treinamento muscular respiratório podem ser observadas nos ensaios clí­nicos contendo bom rigor metodológico. O treinamento muscular respiratório pode ser considerado como uma intervenção, juntamente com outras terapêuticas (dois ní­veis de pressão ­ Bilevel) que compõem o tratamento de pacientes submetidos í cirurgia bariátrica, auxiliando na obtenção de resultados satisfatórios. Conclusão: O ní­vel de evidência atualmente disponí­veis do impacto das intervenções fisioterapêuticas, como o treinamento muscular respiratório, na função pulmonar de pacientes submetidos í cirurgia bariátrica se mostrou alto. A análise metodológica realizada neste estudo mostrou poucos números de estudos de ensaios clí­nicos, retratando a real necessidade de novos estudos que possam integrar a pratica clí­nica. (AU)

The objective of this study was to search in the literature for evidence on interventions used by physical therapy in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Methods: The study was performed in January and February 2018, through online access in databases: Pubmed/Medline, PEDro, Scielo and Lilacs. It was used the PICo strategy, and it was defined: Population (P): Morbid Obesity; Interest (I): Evidence-based practice; Context (Co): intervention studies. Results: We found 951 articles. After reading the abstracts and observing inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 901 were excluded, remaining 50 articles that were read in full, and then 10 studies were chosen. Evidence from respiratory muscle training interventions can be observed in clinical trials with good methodological rigor. Respiratory muscular training can be considered as an intervention, along with other therapeutics (two levels of pressure - Bilevel) that make up the treatment of patients undergoing bariatric surgery, helping to obtain satisfactory results. Conclusion: The level of evidence currently available on the impact of physiotherapeutic interventions, like respiratory muscular training, on lung function in patients undergoing bariatric surgery was high. The methodological analysis performed in this study showed few clinical trial studies, showing the real need for new studies that could integrate clinical practice. (AU)

Respiratory physiotherapy in intensive care unit: Bibliographic review. / Fisioterapia respiratoria en la unidad de cuidados intensivos: Revisión bibliográfica.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Patients in intensive care unit are susceptible to complications due to different causes (underlying disease, immobilisation, infection risk…) The current main intervention in order to prevent these complications is respiratory physiotherapy, a common practice for nurses on a daily basis. Therefore, we decided to carry out this bibliographic review to describe the most efficient respiratory physiotherapy methods for the prevention and treatment of lung complications in patients in intensive care, taking into account the differences between intubated and non-intubated patients. METHODOLOGY: The bibliographic narrative review was carried out on literature available in Pubmed, Cinahl and Cochrane Library. The established limits were language, evidence over the last 15 years and age. RESULTS: Techniques involving lung expansion, cough, vibration, percussion, postural drainage, incentive inspirometry and oscillatory and non-oscillatory systems are controversial regarding their efficacy as respiratory physiotherapy methods. However, non-invasive mechanical ventilation shows clear benefits. In the case of intubated patients, manual hyperinflation and secretion aspirations are highly efficient methods for the prevention of the potential complications mentioned above. In this case, other RP methods showed no clear efficiency when used individually. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Non-invasive mechanical ventilation (for non-intubated patients) and manual hyperinflation (for intubated patients) proved to be the respiratory physiotherapy methods with the best results. The other techniques are more controversial and the results are not so clear. In both types of patients this literature review suggests that combined therapy is the most efficient.

Spanish Guidelines on Treatment of Bronchiectasis in Adults. / Normativa sobre el tratamiento de las bronquiectasias en el adulto.

In 2008, the Spanish Society of Pulmonology (SEPAR) published the first guidelines in the world on the diagnosis and treatment of bronchiectasis. Almost 10 years later, considerable scientific advances have been made in both the treatment and the evaluation and diagnosis of this disease, and the original guidelines have been updated to include the latest therapies available for bronchiectasis. These new recommendations have been drafted following a strict methodological process designed to ensure quality of content, and are linked to a large amount of online information that includes a wealth of references. The guidelines are focused on the treatment of bronchiectasis from both a multidisciplinary perspective, including specialty areas and the different healthcare levels involved, and a multidimensional perspective, including a comprehensive overview of the specific aspects of the disease. A series of recommendations have been drawn up, based on an in-depth review of the evidence for treatment of the underlying etiology, the bronchial infection in its different forms of presentation using existing therapies, bronchial inflammation, and airflow obstruction. Nutritional aspects, management of secretions, muscle training, management of complications and comorbidities, infection prophylaxis, patient education, home care, surgery, exacerbations, and patient follow-up are addressed.